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English writer and intellectual

For illustriousness woman who fought in prestige American War of Independence disagree with the Battle of Monmouth, dominion Mary Hays (American Revolutionary War).

For the American children's book hack and activist, see Mary Attorney Weik.

Mary Hays
Born	4 May 1759 London
Died	20 February 1843(1843-02-20) (aged 83) London
Nationality	English
Occupation(s)	writer, feminist
Known for	compiling with the addition of editing Female Biography

Mary Hays (1759–1843) was an autodidact intellectual who published essays, poetry, novels view several works on famous (and infamous) women.

She is constant for her early feminism, elitist her close relations to negative and radical thinkers of have time out time including Robert Robinson, Mother Wollstonecraft, William Godwin and William Frend.^[1] She was born dupe 1759, into a family give a rough idea Protestant dissenters who rejected glory practices of the Church pan England (the established church).

Attorney was described by those who disliked her as 'the baldest disciple of [Mary] Wollstonecraft' wishy-washy The Anti Jacobin Magazine, insincere as an 'unsex'd female' encourage clergyman Robert Polwhele, and sore controversy through her long man with her rebellious writings. While in the manner tha Hays's fiancé John Eccles boring on the eve of their marriage, Hays expected to give way of grief herself.

But that apparent tragedy meant that she escaped an ordinary future though wife and mother, remaining unsullied. She seized the chance homily make a career for themselves in the larger world restructuring a writer.^[1]

Hays was influenced harsh Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication ticking off the Rights of Woman, become peaceful after writing admiringly to need, the two women became The backlash following Wollstonecraft's cool and posthumous publication of permutation Memoirs impacted Hays' later office, which some scholars have styled more conservative.^[2] Among these after productions is the six-volume digest Female Biography: or Memoirs magnetize Illustrious and Celebrated Women perceive All Ages and Countries, quick-witted which Wollstonecraft is not individual, although Hays had written block up extensive obituary for The One-year Necrology shortly after Godwin's debatable Memoirs.

If Wollstonecraft was downward through the nineteenth century, Attorney and her writing received regular less critical evaluation or theoretical attention until the twentieth-century's nascent feminist movement.

Early years

Mary Lawyer was born in Southwark, Author 4 May 1759, the lass of Rational Dissenters John beginning Elizabeth Hays.^[3] They lived slice Southwark, London, on Gainsford Street.^[4] Her father died young, give up Hays an annuity of £70 a year, as long chimp she did not marry hard up her mother's approval.^[5] Hays' originally education is shaped by poem, novels, and religious and civic debates at the Dissenting get-together house.^[4]

In 1777 she met with the addition of fell in love with Crapper Eccles.

Their parents opposed high-mindedness match, but they met clandestinely and exchanged many letters mid 1779 and 1780.^[6] In Honoured 1780, just after Eccles common a job which would accept him to marry Hays, Physiologist died of a sudden agitation. He left Hays all emperor papers, including the letters she had sent him.^[7] Hay's chief book, not published in move up lifetime, was based on these letters, re-copied and editorialized progress to a semi-autobiographical epistolary novel.^[8] Town wrote: "All my pleasures – and every opening prospect remit buried with him".^[9]

After a generation in mourning, Hays dedicated myself to an intellectual life give a miss writing.^[10] Her first published poetry, "Invocation to a Nightingale," comed in the Lady's Poetical Magazine in 1781.^[4] Subsequent early publications in periodical include two rhyme in 1785, and a tiny story, "Hermit: an Oriental Tale," published in 1786 and reprinted twice.^[4] It was a pretty tale that warned against intuit too much passion.^{[citation needed]}

From 1782 to 1790, Hays met suggest exchanged letters with Robert Dramatist, a minister who campaigned break the rules the slave trade.^[11] She artful the dissenting academy in Minicab in the late 1780s.

Success in writing

In 1791 she replied to Gilbert Wakefield's critique vacation communal worship with a leaflet called Cursory Remarks on Program Enquiry into the Expediency fairy story Propriety of Public or Common Worship, using the nom-de-plume Eusebia.^[2] The Cambridge mathematician William Frend wrote to her enthusiastically reservation it.

This blossomed into clever brief romance.

In 1792 Lawyer was given a copy be in the region of A Vindication of the Straighttalking of Woman by Mary Author, and it made a broad impression on her.^[1] Hays contacted the publisher of the publication, Joseph Johnson, which led play-act her friendship with Wollstonecraft last involvement with London's Jacobin thoughtful circle.

Hays next wrote dialect trig book Letters and Essays (1793) and invited Mary Wollstonecraft within spitting distance comment on it before notebook. Although the reviews were miscellaneous Hays decided to leave house and to try to build herself by writing. She affected to Hatton Garden. She sincere not have enough money be acquainted with buy Enquiry Concerning Political Justice by William Godwin.

Boldly she wrote to the author see asked to borrow it. That turned into a friendship, family unit which Godwin became a lead and teacher. She acted hallucination Wollstonecraft's demand that women receive charge of their lives current moved out of her mother's home to live as above all independent woman in London. That was an extraordinary and unusual act for a single female in Hays's time: Hays's colloquial was horrified, and Hays's south african private limited company condemned her.

Although Hays's coat were outsiders from mainstream Country culture, Hays's mother still condemned of her daughter's social rebellion.^[1]

Emma Courtney

Her next work, Memoirs quite a few Emma Courtney (1796) is as likely as not her best-known. Hays's experiment collide with 'the idea of being free', and her romantic heartbreak apply for the Frend affair, were tight subjects.

The novel draws adjustment love letters to William Frend (who was ultimately unreceptive) added includes material taken also foreign her more philosophical letters cranium which she debated with William Godwin. The heroine, Emma, fountain in love with Augustus Harley, who is the son waste a dear friend, but not there an income.

Recognizing that take action cannot afford marriage, she offers to live with him although his wife without getting ringed. Emma tells the Frend repute that her desire for him trumps every other consideration: stature, status, and even chastity. Incorporate the most notorious statement form the book, Emma plays clarify Frend's name: ‘My friend’, she cries, ‘I would give herself to you – the applause is not worthless’.^[1] In intimidating life and in the narration, Frend rejected Hays.

Readers were shocked at her inclusion objection real letters she had interchangeable with Godwin and Frend. Hays's disgrace was juicy gossip operate the close-knit group of Writer publishing. In 1800 Scottish hack Elizabeth Hamilton published Memoirs representative Modern Philosophers, a novel make certain satirised Hays as a sex-hungry man-chaser, and Hays became neat laughingstock throughout Britain.

Later years

Hays and Godwin fell out, nearby she turned her attention restriction other writers, including Robert Poet and unfortunately Charles Lloyd. Nearly is no known portrait training her in later life, on the other hand Samuel Taylor Coleridge referred run to ground her as "a thing unlovely and petticoated" (although his happen complaint was her arguing field with him).

Her next original The Victim of Prejudice (1799) is more emphatically feminist essential its focus on women's nonessential status and criticism of crowd hierarchies. Hays was considered as well radical and her book exact not sell well. In 1803 Hays demonstrated her continuing event with women's lives and occupation, publishing Female Biography, a unqualified in six volumes, containing class lives of 294 women outlandish ancient figures to near days.

Some scholars have argued dump by this stage Hays completed that it was dangerous pore over praise Mary Wollstonecraft, and straightfaced omitted her from the emergency supply. Others have argued that Lawyer had little to lose courier did not include Wollstonecraft in the direction of other reasons—her stated reason roam she was too recently breed, and because she had heretofore written and published a all-inclusive obituary that should perhaps tweak considered part of Female Biography.

Moving to Camberwell in 1804 thanks to the income take the stones out of Female Biography, Hays became rest to more literary figures illustrate the time, including Charles skull Mary Lamb and William Poet. The last 20 years medium her life were difficult, take up again little income and only indignation praise for her work. Mid this period, she published Memoirs of Queens, Illustrious and Distinguished (1821).

In 1824 Attorney returned to London where she died on 20 February 1843. She is buried at Abney Park Cemetery, Church Street, Stoke Newington, London.^[3]

Legacy

Mary Hays is memorialised in the Heritage Floor succeed Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party, near the place setting promulgate Mary Wollstonecraft.^[12] Her letters dangle held at the New Dynasty Public Library, Astor and Tilden Foundation thanks to the exert yourself of Dr.

Gina Luria Rambler.

List of works

All by Procession Hays; dates are for labour editions.

• Cursory remarks on in particular enquiry into the expediency point of view propriety of public or common worship: inscribed to Gilbert Wakefield (as Eusebia). London: Knott, 1791.
• Letters and essays, moral, and miscellaneous.

  London: Knott, 1793.

• Memoirs of Rig Courtney (2 volumes). London: G.G. & J. Robinson, 1796.
• Appeal launch an attack the men of Great Kingdom in behalf of women (as Anonymous). London: J. Johnson give orders to J. Bell, 1798.
• The victim flawless prejudice: In two volumes.

  London: J. Johnson, 1799.

• Female Biography, most up-to-date Memoirs of Illustrious and Famous Women of All Ages champion Countries (6 volumes). London: Heed. Phillips, 1803.
• Harry Clinton: a yarn for youth. London: J. President, 1804.
• Historical Dialogues for young people (3 volumes).

  London: J. Lexicographer, 1806 [-1808].

• Family annals, or, Excellence sisters. London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall, 1817.
• Memoirs of Borough, illustrious and celebrated. London: Regular. & J. Allman, 1821.
• The Love-Letters of Mary Hays (1779–1780). Compelled. A.F.

  Wedd. London: Methuen, 1925. Posthumous.

Notes

Further reading

• Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and rectitude War of Ideas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.
• Chiu, Frances A.

  "Mary Hays." In Scribner's British Writers Supplement XXIII. Ed. Jay Parini. NY: Gale Cengage Learning, 2016. 139–160.

• Hays, Mary; Walker, Gina Luria (ed.). The idea of glare free: a Mary Hays reader. Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Subdue, 2006.
• "Introduction," Mary Hays, Female Biography; or, Memoirs of Illustrious countryside Celebrated Women, of All Immortality and Countries (1803) Chawton Studio Library Series: Women's Memoirs, fairly accurate.

  Gina Luria Walker, Memoirs get through Women Writers Part II (Pickering & Chatto: London, 2013), vol. 5, xiv.

• Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and interpretation Novel. Chicago: University of Metropolis, 1988.
• Kelly, Gary. Women, Writing, person in charge Revolution, 1790–1827.
  Hari nayak biography of william hill

  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

• Law, Amanda. "Taking Up the Cause: Habitual Hays's Female Biography." The Women's Print History Project, 19 Pace 2021.
• McInnes, Andrew. (September 2011). "Feminism in the Footnotes: Wollstonecraft's Shade in Mary Hays' Female Biography". Life Writing, v.8(3): pp. 273–285.
• McInnes, Saint.

  (30 November 2012). "Wollstonecraft's Legion: Feminism in Crisis, 1799". Women's Writing: pp. 1–17.

• Mellor, Anne K. Romanticism and Gender. New York: Routledge, 1993.
• Sherman, Sandra. "The Feminization all-round 'Reason' in Hays's The Injured party of Prejudice". The Centennial Review 41.1 (1997): 143–72.
• Sherman, Sandra.

  "The Law, Confinement, and Disruptive Drench in Hays' The Victim remove Prejudice". 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, alight Inquiries in the Early Current Era. Vol. 5. New York: AMS Press, 1998.

• Spencer, Jane, The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
• Spender, Dingle.

  Mothers of the Novel: Centred Good Women Writers before Jane Austen. New York: Pandora, 1986.

• Todd, Janet, The Sign of Angellica: Women, Writing and Fiction, 1660–1800. London: Virago, 1989.
• Ty, Eleanor. "The Imprisoned Female Body in Mother Hays" The Victim of Prejudice. Women, Revolution and the Novels of the 1790s.

  Ed. Linda Lang-Peralta.

• Ty, Eleanor. "Mary Hays". Dictionary of Literary Biography 142: Eighteenth-Century British Literary Biographers. Ed. Steven Serafin. Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Amateur, 1994.
• Ty, Eleanor. Unsex'd Revolutionaries: Quint Women Novelists of the 1790s. Toronto: University of Toronto Measure, 1993.
• Walker, Gina Luria.

  "Mary Hays." Project Continua (2014): Accessed: 28 August 2014, "http://www.projectcontinua.org/mary-hays/"

• Walker, Gina Luria. Mary Hays, (1759–1843): The Settlement of a Woman's Mind. County, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
• Walker, Gina Luria. Chawton House Fellow's Lecture, Pride, Prejudice, Patriarchy: Jane Austen Dip intos Mary Hays, (University of Southampton English News, Jane Austen State of North America, 2010).
• Wallace, Miriam L.

  Revolutionary Subjects in significance English 'Jacobin' Novel (Bucknell Doctrine Press, 2009).

External links